Akụkọ na-agbasa: Trump ga-etinye ụtụ na semiconductor zuru ụwa ọnụ na ibe n'izu na-abịa

Trump ga-amanye tarifu na semiconductor zuru ụwa ọnụ yana mbubata mgbawa n'ime izu na-abịa

 

N'August 5th, oge mpaghara, na N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na CNBC, Trump kwupụtara ebumnuche ya itinye tarifu na semiconductor na ibe ndị na-ebubata "n'izu na-abịa," mana enyeghị nkọwa ọ bụla gbasara otu a ga-esi mejuputa nke a. Nke a abụghị ihe ọhụrụ; ọ bụ atụmatụ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge ọchịchị ya niile. Agbanyeghị, n'oge a, ịchụso semiconductor nwere ike ịbawanye n'usoro ụlọ ọrụ semiconductor zuru ụwa ọnụ na-agbanwe agbanwe.

 

A maara ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ebe a. Trump gara n'ihu n'ụzọ "America First" ya kemgbe oge nke abụọ ya, na-ejikarị tarifu dị ka ngwá ọrụ azụmaahịa. Na mbụ, ọ na-amanye ụtụ isi na EU na China mgbe niile, na ọbụna kpalie iwu CHIPS iji gbaa ụlọ ọrụ ume ka ha wuo ụlọ ọrụ na US. N'oge a, ilekwasị anya semiconductor doro anya nye onye ọ bụla nwere anya nwere nghọta, na-achọ ime ngwa ngwa ngbanwe nke ikike mmepụta ụwa na US, belata ịdabere na ụdọ ọkọnọ Asia, ma jikwaa ọnọdụ US kachasị na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

 

N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, ihe kpatara ya bụ igwu egwu kaadị "nchekwa mba", na-arụ ọrụ nkebi nke 232 nke Iwu Mgbasa Azụmahịa nke 1962. A na-eme nchọpụta yiri nke ahụ na ngwaahịa ndị dị ka semiconductor na ọgwụ ọgwụ, na nsonaazụ nwere ike wepụta dị ka n'oge izu a. Ọ bụrụ na nyocha ahụ chọpụtara na semiconductor na-ebubata na-etinye ihe egwu nchekwa, tarifu nke 25% ruo 50% nwere ike ịdị.

 

Mmetụta zuru ụwa ọnụ: Mmebi ọzọ nke Semiconductor zuru ụwa ọnụ na Chip Supply Chain

 

Site n'echiche bara uru, ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na a ga-akụghasị eriri ọkọnọ semiconductor zuru ụwa ọnụ. United States na-adabere ugbu a nke ukwuu na ikike mmepụta Eshia. Teknụzụ usoro teknụzụ dị elu nke Taiwan bụ 92% nke mmepụta ụwa, na South Korea bụ onye ndu na ibe ebe nchekwa. Ọ bụrụ na a na-amanye tarifu, ụlọ ọrụ dịka TSMC na Samsung ga-eme ngwa ngwa wuo ụlọ ọrụ na United States iji zere ụtụ isi. TSMC etinyelarị ijeri $ 165 na Arizona, South Korea abawanyela ego nkwado semiconductor ya na ijeri 33 meriri, ma na nkwadebe.

 

Mmụba ọnụ ahịa bụkwa ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Apple na-adabere na TSMC maka ekwentị mkpanaaka na ibe kọmputa ya. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ahịa na-ebili site na 15% ruo 20%, ọnụahịa nke ngwaahịa njedebe ga-abawanye, na ndị na-azụ ahịa nkịtị ga-akwụkwu ụgwọ. Ọbụna ASML ekwuola na tarifụ nwere ike imebi azụmahịa. N'agbanyeghị na akụkọ gbasara ego nke abụọ- nke abụọ dị mma, ọ ka na-echegbu onwe ya.

 

EU: Esemokwu akụ na ụba na azụmahịa na-akawanye njọ, a ghaghịkwa ime ka esemokwu geopolitical sie ike. China agbanweela iwu nke semiconductor ya, ugbu a na-agụta ebe a na-emepụta wafer karịa ebe nkwakọ ngwaahịa, na mbọ iji belata mmetụta nke tarifu. EU zụtara ijeri $ 750 na ike US, na-ebute nkwekọrịta tarifụ 15%, mana akụrụngwa semiconductor ka nwere ike ihu tarifụ dị iche iche, na-eduga esemokwu enweghị atụ.

 

Taiwan: Mpaghara dị iche iche na-eche oge ihe isi ike ihu. Mbupụ semiconductor nke Taiwan bụ 20.8% nke mkpokọta mbupụ ya. Ọ bụrụ na tarifụ bilitere karịa 25%, mbupụ na US nwere ike bụrụ enweghị asọmpi, yana obere azụmaahịa nwere ike mechie. Directorate nke Taiwan{{5}General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics agbakọwo na tarifu 20% nwere ike ime ka uto akụ na ụba kwa afọ dalata site na 3.1% ruo 2.5%, ma ọ bụ ọbụna uto na-adịghị mma.

 

South Korea: Ọ bụ ezie na ibe ebe nchekwa bụ onye na-eme ihe siri ike, ngwaahịa usoro tozuru okè dị ka ibe ụgbọ ala nwere ike ịkwụsị uru ọnụahịa ha n'ihi tarifu. Gọọmenti South Korea na-ezube ikenye ijeri 500 enwetara iji kwado obere ụlọ ọrụ{2} nwere oke, na-atụ anya imeri ọnọdụ dị ugbu a site na nkwalite teknụzụ.

 

China Mainland: Anyị nwere ike mee ngwangwa nnọchi n'ụlọ. Ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ Semiconductor akọwaala na ebe a na-emepụta wafer na-ekpebi ebe sitere na ya. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na mba ofesi nwere ike gbanwee nrụpụta wafer na ndị na-emepụta ụlọ dị ka SMIC na Huahong. Ndị na-emepụta mgbawa Analog dị ka Shengbang Semiconductor na SiRuiPu nwere ike ịhụ mmụba ahịa ahịa ha.

 

United States: Maka US n'onwe ya, nke a bụ ngọzi agwakọta. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike iweghachi ikike obere oge{1}, iwulite usoro ọkọnọ zuru oke ga-ewe ọtụtụ afọ. US ugbu a na-eche ụkọ akụrụngwa, akụrụngwa, na talent, na enweghị ike ijide ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụrụ na amachibidoro mbupụ na China maka ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Intel na Texas Instruments, ụlọ ọrụ China nwere ike wepụ òkè ahịa ha. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na tarifụ ebili, ngwa eletrọnịkị na ụgbọ ala ga-adị ọnụ karịa, nwere ike na-efu ndị ahịa America iri ijeri ijeri kwa afọ, na-abawanye nrụgide onu oriri.

 

Nzaghachi mpaghara nwere ike ịdị oke, na ọgba aghara na ngalaba semiconductor na-aga ibido.

 

Mba agaghị anọdụ ala. Taiwan nwere ike itinyekwu ego na United States, ikekwe site n'ịgbasawanye ikike mmepụta nke TSMC na ịzụta ụfọdụ ngwaahịa ugbo America na ike maka mgbanwe mbelata tarifu. Otú ọ dị, e nwekwara nchegbu n'ime àgwàetiti ahụ na oke ịdabere na US nwere ike ime ka nkà na ụzụ pụta ma tinye ọnọdụ ya dị ka "ọta silicon."

 

Na mgbakwunye na ntinye ego nke ya, South Korea chọkwara isonye na EU na Japan iji dozie ọnọdụ ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ nwere ike ijikọ na EU na teknụzụ nkwakọ ngwaahịa dị elu iji belata ịdabere na US.

 

Na China, semiconductor bụ isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya na atụmatụ afọ nke iri na anọ ya{{1}, na a na-eji mgbanwe na iwu mmalite iji dọta iwu mba ofesi. SMIC ekwupụtala atụmatụ ịgbasa mmepụta mgbawa 28nm na Shanghai, na-ewere iwu nke enwere ike isi na Taiwan.

 

Agbanyeghị, a ka nwere ọtụtụ ejighị n'aka. Ọkwa tarifụ a kapịrị ọnụ, ngwaahịa ndị a ga-amanye, yana ihe ọ bụla ga-echere maka nkwupụta Trump zuru ezu n'izu na-abịa. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụego tarifu dị ala karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya, ikekwe 15% ruo 20%, enwere ike ibelata mmetụta ahịa ahịa; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ọ ruru 50%, ụlọ ọrụ semiconductor zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-enwe nnukwu nhazigharị.

 

Ụlọ ọrụ nwekwara atụmatụ nke ha. TSMC na Samsung nwere ike ịbawanye mbọ ha na-arụ ụlọ mmepụta ihe na US, ebe obere na ọkara{1} ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịkwaga Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia ma ọ bụ India. Ụlọ ọrụ nkwakọ ngwaahịa na ule Taiwanese dị ka ASE na Powerchip na-atụlerị ịgbasa mmepụta na Vietnam.

 

Tarifụ ndị otu US nwere ike imebi usoro WTO nke ọtụtụ akụkụ, na-eme ka nkwekọrịta azụmahịa mpaghara dịka njikọ "Quad" dị n'etiti US, Japan, India na Australia na-ewu ewu karị. Agbanyeghị, China na EU nwekwara ike iji tarifụ akwụghachi ụgwọ megwara, nke nwere ike ibute n'ọdịdị azụmaahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ na-agbasawanye.

 

N'izugbe, ihe Trump mere bụ iji tarifu tụgharị ụdọ ọkọnọ na US ma mee ka ọkaibe teknụzụ ya sie ike. Otú ọ dị, e nwere mmetụta ndị dị ịrịba ama: ọnụ ahịa na-akwụ ụgwọ, nkwụsị nke usoro ọkọnọ, na ihe egwu dị elu nke geopolitical. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ ga-eji nlezianya nyochaa nkọwa nke tarifu ma jiri nlezianya hazie ụdọ ọkọnọ ha. N'ọkwa mba, a ghaghị itinye nguzozi n'etiti nchekwa ụlọ ọrụ na nguzozi nke ahia iji zere ihe ga-emebi emebi. Mkpọsa ọkwa nke Trump n'izu na-abịa ga-adị oke mkpa n'ịchọpụta ntụzịaka nke ụlọ ọrụ semiconductor zuru ụwa ọnụ.